AI Tool Enables Automated Evaluation of Facial Palsy, Reports Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery®
'Fine-tuning' leads to promising solution for objective assessment of facial paralysis

A "fine-tuned" artificial intelligence (AI) tool shows promise for objective evaluation of patients with facial palsy, reports an experimental study in the June issue of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery®, the official medical journal of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS). The journal is published in the Lippincott portfolio by Wolters Kluwer.

"We believe that our research offers valuable insights into the realm of facial palsy evaluation and presents a significant advancement in leveraging AI for clinical applications," comments lead author Takeichiro Kimura, MD, of Kyorin University, Mitaka, Tokyo.

Refined tool for automated video analysis of facial palsy

Patients with facial palsy have paralysis or partial loss of movement of the face, caused by nerve injury due to tumors, surgery, trauma or other causes. Detailed assessment is essential for evaluating treatment options, such as nerve transfer surgery, but poses difficult challenges.

Various subjective scoring systems have been developed, but have problems with variability. Objective assessments have been described, but are impractical for routine clinical use. Machine learning and AI models are a potential approach for routine, objective assessment of facial palsy.

Dr. Kimura and colleagues evaluated a previous AI-developed facial recognition model, called 3D-FAN, in patients with facial palsy. That system was trained to recognize 68 facial keypoints, such as eyebrows and eyelids, nose and mouth, and facial contours.

When applied to clinical videos, 3D-FAN – trained on images of people with normal facial movement – was clearly insufficient in assessing facial palsy. The system was prone to miss facial asymmetry in facial palsy, including when patients were instructed to smile, and failed to recognize when the eyes were closed.

AI tool shows promise for objective ratings of facial palsy severity

Dr. Kimura and colleagues attempted to "fine-tune" the model using machine-learning, based on 1,181 images from clinical videos of 196 patients with facial palsy. In this process, facial landmarks were manually relocated to the correct position, with steps to minimize variability. Training sessions were then repeated until there was no further improvement in accuracy.

"After machine learning, we found qualitative and quantitative improvement in the detection of facial keypoints by the AI," Dr. Kimura and colleagues write. The refined model showed substantially lower error rates, with improvement in keypoint detection in every area of the face, including the eyelids and mouth – key areas of asymmetry in facial palsy. The article includes illustrations clearly showing the improvement in keypoint detection after machine learning.

The authors believe their "fine-tuning" method – with manual correction of landmarks in a limited number of images – "holds potential for broader applications of making AI-assisted models in other relatively rare disorders." Pending further evaluation, the researchers plan to make their AI model freely available to other researchers and clinicians.

"Considering our software as one of the promising solutions for objective assessment of facial palsy, we are now conducting a multidisciplinary analysis of the effectiveness of this system," Dr. Kimura and coauthors conclude. By providing an objective score, the AI tool may enable more accurate ratings of the severity of facial palsy as well as a quantitative tool for assessing treatment outcomes.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery® is published by Wolters Kluwer.

Click here to read "Fine-Tuning on AI-Driven Video Analysis through Machine Learning: Development of an Automated Evaluation Tool of Facial Palsy"

Article: "Fine-Tuning on AI-Driven Video Analysis through Machine Learning: Development of an Automated Evaluation Tool of Facial Palsy" (doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000011924)